Week 2: What is modeling?
 Week 2 (Jan. 28): What is modeling?
What is modeling?  Homework? What are you going to learn? Course Objective? Excersise?  7. Approaches for Modeling Human Behavior (Chapter 2) in Sierhuis, M. (2001). Modeling and Simulating Work Practice; Brahms: A multiagent modeling and simulation language for work system analysis and design. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, University of Amsterdam, SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2001-10, ISBN 90-6464-849-2 11. Henry, M. F., Rene Bal, et al. (2000). "Architectural design support for business process and business network engineering." International Journal of Services Technology and Management 1(1): 1-44.  3. The Task and Its Organizational Context (Chapter 3) in Schreiber, G., H. Akkermans, et al (1999), Knowledge Engineering and Management: The CommonKADS Methodology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN: 0-262-19300-0 2. Knowledge Engineering Basics (Chapter 2) in Schreiber, G., H. Akkermans, et al (1999), Knowledge Engineering and Management: The CommonKADS Methodology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN: 0-262-19300-0 5. A Language of Work (Chaper 5) in Beyer, H., K. Holtzblatt (1998), Contectual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco, CA, ISBN: 1-55860-411-1 Teach the concept of models and modeling Different ways of modeling a system (World Modeling, CommonKADS, Contextual Inquiry) 6. Work Models (Chaper 6) in Beyer, H., K. Holtzblatt (1998), Contectual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco, CA, ISBN: 1-55860-411-1 Homework on Week2 1st Section? Reader material? Mandatory Reading? Additional Reading
What is modeling?
What is modeling? Course Title? "What is a model?" - formal definition of modeling CommonKADS Methodology Contextual Inquiry Agenda?
Homework on Week2
8. Sierhuis, M. (1999). APOLLO 12 ALSEP Deployment: A Collection of Mission Specific Data for the Purpose of Modeling and Simulating the ALSEP Deployment Work Practice. Moffett Field, CA, RIACS: 36. Homework? Model Apollo 14 ALSEP Offload, using CommonKADS Organization, Task, Agent and Communication Models or using Contextual Inquiry Flow, Sequence, Artifact, Cultural and Physical Models Apollo 14 ALSEP Offload Video  http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/ Related material to use? When is it due? Friday Feb 11, 2005
"What is a model?" - formal definition of modeling
1. What is a model? (Chapter 1), Aris, R. (1994) Mathmatical Modelling Techniques, Dover Publications, Inc, New York, NY, ISBN: 0-486-68131-9 "What is a model?" - formal definition of modeling This chapter describes the nature of formal models and modeling in general What is a Theory? What is a model? What is the difference between a Model and a Theory? why a chapter about "Mathematical modeling"? What is Modeling? World Modeling Framework Reader Papers?
CommonKADS Methodology
http://www.commonkads.uva.nl/frameset-commonkads.html 4. UML Notations Used in CommonKADS (Chapter 14) in Schreiber, G., H. Akkermans, et al (1999), Knowledge Engineering and Management: The CommonKADS Methodology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN: 0-262-19300-0 The CommonKADS Methodology? Introduction to CommonKADS The Task and Organizational Context The communication model
Contextual Inquiry
Contextual Inquiry Introduction Work Models Reader Papers? 5. A Language of Work (Chaper 5) in Beyer, H., K. Holtzblatt (1998), Contectual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco, CA, ISBN: 1-55860-411-1 6. Work Models (Chaper 6) in Beyer, H., K. Holtzblatt (1998), Contectual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco, CA, ISBN: 1-55860-411-1 Contextual Inquiry?
why a chapter about "Mathematical modeling"?
Why a chapter about "Mathematical modeling"? Math is one of the oldest form of using formal modeling to represent a world system Math is the most general modeling language However, mathematics typically leaves more of the meaning implicit This makes it difficult and only useable by mathematicians  Formal definition
What is a model?
What is a model? Generic Model Structure? CommonKADS Model Structure When is a model useful? Model Isomorphism? Model Homomorphism? What is a model? Model Isomorphism? Model Homomorphism? When is a model useful?
What is a Theory?
What is a Theory? A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena (Source: WordNet 2.0, 2003 Princeton University) A theory defines a class of ideal systems which are then held, via a theoretical hypotesis, to represent actual physical systems. Example? Newtonian gravitational theory is characterized by an axiomatization of Newton's laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. There is a set of (mathematical) models of this theory. The members of this set differ in the size of their domains (i.e., the number of bodies) and the properties of entities within this domain (masses and velocities). In each of the models the trajectories of each of the bodies satisfies Newton's laws. One of these models is an adequate representation of that system. A theory is a set of axioms together with all the theorems derivable from them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory
What is the difference between a Model and a Theory?
What is the difference between a Model and a Theory? What needs to be distinguished? Glennan, S. (2000), A Model of Models, Dept. of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Butler University, IN, version 1.4, August, 2000 http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001134/ Another Interesting Article? What is the difference between a Model and a Theory? What needs to be distinguished?
What is Modeling?
Formal Modeling Relationship? Why Modeling? Why Modeling Organizations and Work Practice? Formal Modeling Relationship? Why Modeling? Why Modeling Organizations and Work Practice?
World Modeling Framework
Current vs. Future State Modeling Implementation vs. Essential Modeling What is the World Modeling Framework? A framework of models and model elements with which we can describe any work system Developed by M. Sierhuis, R. van der Spek, A. Selvin in the early nineties Can be used to apply existing modeling methods, such as CommonKADS, Contextual Inquiry, UML and Brahms Nine Aspects of System Modeling The World Modeling Framework
What is a model?
What is a model? a fashion model a physical scale model a mathematical model a financial model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model http://www.google.com/search?domains=en.wikipedia.org&num=50&ie=iso-8859-1&oe=iso-8859-1&q=model&btnG=Google+Search&sitesearch=en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model a solid state model A simplified description of a complex entity or process (Source: WordNet 2.0, 2003 Princeton University) a UML model a Brahms model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modelling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model
Model Homomorphism?
Model Homomorphism? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphism A homomorphism is a map from one algebraic structure to another of the same type that preserves all the relevant structure. This enables us to abstract the real world into a simpler model that still preserves relevant structures of the world that we're interested in. The power of a Homorphic model? It allows us to simplify a model into another more abstract model
Model Isomorphism?
Model Isomorphism? The word "isomorphism" applies when two complex structures can be mapped onto each other, in such a way that to each part of one structure there is a corresponding part in the other structure, where "corresponding" means that the two parts play similar roles in their respective structures. (Hofstadter, D., G?del, Escher, Bach, p. 49) Two different models who are equivalent in terms of satisfying a theory Isomorphic structures are "the same" at some level of abstraction; ignoring the specific identities of the elements in the underlying sets, and focusing just on the structures themselves, the two structures are identical. Examples? A solid cube made of wood and a solid cube made of lead are both solid cubes; although their matter differs, their geometric structures are isomorphic. Big Ben and a wristwatch; although the clocks vary greatly in size, their mechanisms of reckoning time are isomorphic. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism Limitation of isomorphism in models? We cannot create an isomorphic model for a complex real world system, such as a human organization. A Bijective Homomorphism Both one-to-one correspondence and onto We need to abstract and thus a Homorphism Isomorphic objects are completely indistinguishable as far as the structure in question is concerned.
When is a model useful?
When is a model useful? Analysis: When the system that needs to be understood is too complex Design: When the system to be created does not exist yet Inference: When we want to infer how a system works from observation
What is the difference between a Model and a Theory?
What is the difference between a Model and a Theory? A theory is general A model is a model of a particular system, or at least, a particular kind of systems A theory can have a set of models that can be constructed for a particular system of the general type that correspond to the laws of the theory. The terms 'model' and 'theory' are often used interchangeably Finding a model for a theory requires finding some abstract or concrete structured domain and an interpretation for all the primitive expressions of the theory in that domain such that on that interpretation all the statements in the theory come out true for that model on that interpretation. EXAMPLE Tarski, A, et al (1953): "a possible realization in which all valid sentences of a theory T are satisfied is called a model of T."
What needs to be distinguished?
What needs to be distinguished? The Prototype The Theory A Model of the prototype that satisfies the theory
Formal Modeling Relationship?
Formal Modeling Relationship? R(S, P, M, T) What is 'R'? 'R' is the modeling relationship What is 'S'? 'S' is the Subject, i.e. the modeler What is 'P'? 'P' is the Purpose the modeler has in mind for the model What is 'M'? 'M' is the Model of 'T' what is 'T'? 'T' is the Prototype, i.e. the system being modeled Described as: Subject S taking, in view of a purpose P, the entity M as a model of prototype T
Why Modeling?
Why Modeling? Reduce complexity - divide and conquer Make predictions - change management Communication - team shared understanding
Why Modeling Organizations and Work Practice?
Why Modeling Organizations and Work Practice? Understanding the work system Reduce complexity to analyze and design work systems Create models to understand the old and new world Allows us to predict the changes and risks Creates a common understanding of the work system Gives the Design Team a communication vehicle Design
Introduction to CommonKADS
2. Knowledge Engineering Basics (Chapter 2) in Schreiber, G., H. Akkermans, et al (1999), Knowledge Engineering and Management: The CommonKADS Methodology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN: 0-262-19300-0 Introduction  CommonKADS Introduction Reader? What is CommonKADS? A Knowledge Engineering Methodology Developed by The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, as part of a large 10 year Esprit project The de facto standard in Europe for developing KBS
The Task and Organizational Context
3. The Task and Its Organizational Context (Chapter 3) in Schreiber, G., H. Akkermans, et al (1999), Knowledge Engineering and Management: The CommonKADS Methodology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN: 0-262-19300-0 The Task and Organizational Context Reader? CommonKADS Organization Model
The communication model
The communication model Reader? 03-CommonKADS-comm.ppt
Contextual Inquiry Introduction
Principles of Contextual Inquiry? What is Contextual Inquiry? Principles of Contextual Inquiry
Work Models
Contextual Inquiry Work Models? 5 Model Types? Modeling Steps? 2. Create models from the perspective of the one person interviewed 1. Interview a person in the organization to be modeled 3. Consolidate the individual-based models into a complete model of the organization Flow Model Sequence Model Artifact Model Cultural Model Physical (Geography) Model
What is Contextual Inquiry?
What is Contextual Inquiry? A model-based approach for understanding work systems and developing human-centered systems A practical guide for modeling organizations using a ethnographical approach Developed by Karen Holtzblatt and Hugh Beyer Based on their work as consultants One of the very few textbooks on modeling work systems, based on ethnography and participant observation
Principles of Contextual Inquiry
Principles of Contextual Inquiry? The four principles of Contextual Inquiry? The Master/Apprentics Model?
The Master/Apprentics Model?
Design processes work when they build on natural behavior Use existing relationship models to interact with the customer When you're watching the work happen, learning is easy Seeing the work reveals what matters Seeing the work reveals details Seeing the work reveals structure Every current activity recalls past instances Contextual Inquiry is apprenticeship compressed in time The Master/Apprentice Model? What is the Master/Apprenctice Model? Old model: The apprentice learns the skill from the master New model: Participant Observation
The four principles of Contextual Inquiry?
The four principles of Contextual Inquiry? Context Partnership Interpretation Focus
Context
Go where the work is to get the best data Avoid summary data by watching the work unfold Avoid abstractions by returning to real artifacts and events Span time by replacing past events in detail Keep the customer concrete by exploring ongoing work Context? Summary vs. Ongoing Experience Abstract vs. Concrete Data
Partnership
Help customers articulate their work experience Alternate between watching and probing Teach the customer how to see work by probing work structure Find the work issues behind design ideas Let the customer shape your understanding of the work You aren't there to get a list of questions answered You aren't there to answer questions either It's a goal to be nosy Partnership creates a sense of a shared quest Partnership?
Interpretation
Determine what customers words and actions mean together Design ideas are the end product of a chain of reasoning Design is built upon interpretations of facts -- so the interpretation had better be right Sharing interpretations with customers won't bias the data Sharing interpretations teaches customers to see structure in the work Customers fine-tune interpretations Nonverbal cues confirm interpretations Interpretation?
Focus
Focus reveals detail Focus conceals the unexpected Observe and probe ongoing work Focus? Internal feelings guide how to interview Commit to challenging your assumptions, not validating them
Flow Model
Flow Model Distinctions Flow Model? Examples? Flow Model of Secretarial Work Flow Model of Creative Work
Sequence Model
Sequence Model? Sequence Model Distinctions Examples? Sequence Model for Handling Mail
Artifact Model
Artifact Model? Artifact Model Distinction? Example? Artifact Model of Personal Calendar
Cultural Model
Cultural Model? Cultural Model Distinctions? Example? Cultural Model of a Product Development Organization Cultural Model of a Consumer-Oriented Organization
Physical (Geography) Model
Physical (Georgraphy) Model? Physical Model Distinctions? Examples? Physical Model for a University Physical Model of an Office
Flow Model Distinctions
Flow Model Distinctions? The Individuals (and/or roles) of those who do the work Each person or group is shown as a bubble The interviewee's (itee) is in the center and has user number and job title The Responsibilities of the individual or role Every bubble and place has a list of responsibilities/ functions Groups with which individuals interact with Groups are represented when a person has the same interaction with all its members E.g. "I send it to purchasing" The flows of communication between people to get the work done Informal talk Coordination Passing of artifacts, e.g. documents, e-mails Artifacts, the "things" of the work that are manipulated, created, used, asif they are real Physical objects, e.g. a document Conceptual objects, e.g. an order, a project Communication topic or action representing the detail of the flow Places that people go to and use to do work Shown as a large box annotated with the name of the place and its responsibilities, e.g. a meeting room, an office Written on the flow without a box
Sequence Model Distinctions
Sequence Model Distinctions? The Intent (primary and secondary) the sequence is intended to achieve A trigger causing the sequence of actions E,g, the height of a stack of paper, arrival of an e-mail. receiving a request, etc Steps representing the action or thought preceding an action A step represents what actually happens Order, loops and branches indicated by arrows connecting the steps Branches represent decisions Loops show patterns Breakdowns or problems in doing an action Represented by a lightning bolt
Artifact Model Distinction?
Artifact Model Distinction? Information presented by the object E.g. contect of a form Parts of the object, which are distinct in usage E.g. document page, kind of page, headline, figure, diagram Annotations that indicate the informal usage of the object E.g. Post-its stuck to a document, highlighting, comments written on the side, etc. Any additional conceptual distinctions that are reflected in its use Usage of the artifact E.g. When created, how used, how people move through parts of the artifact, such as a document Breakdown or problems in using the artifact Represented as a lightning bolt
Cultural Model Distinctions?
Cultural Model Distinctions? Cultural Model Influencers who affect or constrain work Shown as bubbles They may be individuals or groups They may be external influencers, e.g. customers, government regulatory bodies, competitors, etc. They may represent overal culture created by the organization and shared by the people doing the work. The extent of the effect on the work Shown by the number of bubbles that overlab It suggests whether essentially everything is effected by this influencer Influence on the work Arrows represent the direction of influence (who is affecting whom) Breakdown or problems interfering in the work Represented as a lightning bolt Kinds of Influences? Standards Policies Power Values Identity Emotions Styles Preferences
Physical Model Distinctions?
Physical Model Distinctions? The places in which work occurs E.g. rooms, workstations, offices, coffee stations, etc. The physical structures that limit and define the space E.g. sites, walls, basements, desks, file cabinets, chairs, tables, etc. The hardware, software, communication lines and other tools that are present in the space and support the work The artifacts people create, modify, pass around in support of the work E.g. folders, spreadsheets, to do lists, bills, ID cards, pile of stuff, etc. The layout of the tools, artifacts, furniture and walls in relation to each other that support the work Breakdown or problems showing how the physical environment interferes in the work Represented as a lightning bolt
Apollo 14 ALSEP Offload Video
8. Sierhuis, M. (1999). APOLLO 12 ALSEP Deployment: A Collection of Mission Specific Data for the Purpose of Modeling and Simulating the ALSEP Deployment Work Practice. Moffett Field, CA, RIACS: 36. Apollo 14 ALSEP Offload Video Excersise: Write down in some (semi) structured form what you think you see in the Apollo video http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/ Apollo Information on the web? The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal Apollo 14 ALSEP Offload A14 ALSEP Offload Clip 1 A14 ALSEP Offload Clip 2 A14 ALSEP Offload Clip 3 A14 ALSEP Offload Clip 4 Exercise? Reader?
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